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One economics study that compared obedience to a tax authority in the lab versus at home found that participants were much more likely to pay participation tax when confronted in the lab. In a modern study, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram's method with a few alterations. This came under attack with women's suffrage[citation needed] and the feminist movement. Why Do We Try so Hard to Be Like Other People and Conform? Obedience is compliance with commands given by an authority figure. In addition to the above studies, additional research using participants from different cultures (including Spain,[9] Australia,[10] and Jordan)[11] also found participants to be obedient.

This result was surprising to Milgram because he thought that "subjects have learned from childhood that it is a fundamental breach of moral conduct to hurt another person against his will". Soldiers are initially ordered to do seemingly trivial things, such as picking up the sergeant's hat off the floor, marching in just the right position, or marching and standing in formation. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Milgram(1963) Aim: To see if people will obey orders, even those requiring them to harm others. Although several hospital rules disallowed administering the drug under the circumstances, 21 out of the 22 nurses would have given the patient an overdose. "Studies have been conducted with participants in other countries, with children, and with other procedural variations. var idcomments_post_id; Demonstrating the Power of Social Situations via a Simulated Prison Experiment. In one of Blass' reviews on obedience, he found that participant's personalities can impact how they respond to authority,[12] as people that were high in authoritarian submission were more likely to obey. [7], Following the Utrecht studies, another study used the stress remarks method to see how long participants would obey authority. Each subject served as a teacher of associations between arbitrary pairs of words. In the modeled refusal condition, two confederates were used, where one confederate acted as the learner and the other was the teacher.

They also found that participants would either stop the experiment at the first sign of the learner's pleas or would continue until the end of the experiment (called "the foot in the door scenario"). Asch's work had demonstrated that people could easily be swayed to conform to group pressure, but Milgram wanted to see just how far people would be willing to go., The trial of Adolf Eichmann, who had planned and managed the mass deportation of Jews during World War II, helped spark Milgram’s interest in the topic of obedience..
We will also examine disobedience and how it acts as a crucial counter-force to the rise of an oppressive government. but he soon discovered that the majority of people are surprisingly obedient to authority. After the horrors of the Holocaust, some people, such as Eichmann, explained their participation in the atrocities by suggesting that they were just doing as they were commanded. The orders gradually become more demanding, until an order to the soldiers to place themselves into the midst of gunfire gets an instinctively obedient response. In one of the most famous series of experiments in psychology Milgram (1963-74) demonstrated that most participants would give a helpless victim fatal electric shocks when ordered to. Milgram had set out to explore the question "are Germans different?" Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter. Obedience can also be studied outside of the Milgram paradigm in fields such as economics or political science. Eichmann was a logistical genius whose part in the Holocaust was the planning of the efficient collection, transportation and extermination of those to be killed. Were they afraid, or was there something in their personality that made them like that?

"[22] Besides this hypothetical agentic state, Milgram proposed the existence of other factors accounting for the subject's obedience: politeness, awkwardness of withdrawal, absorption in the technical aspects of the task, the tendency to attribute impersonal quality to forces that are essentially human, a belief that the experiment served a desirable end, the sequential nature of the action, and anxiety. Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of "social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure". [3], The Milgram study found that most participants would obey orders even when obedience posed severe harm to others. (Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, 2006), "Other researchers have since replicated Milgram's findings. Some animals can easily be trained to be obedient by employing operant conditioning, for example obedience schools exist to condition dogs to obey the orders of human owners. In his jail diary Eichmann wrote 'The orders were, for me, the highest thing in my life and I had to obey them without question' (extract quoted in The Guardian, 12 August, 1999, p. 13).

Just how powerful is the pressure to obey? Burger's method was identical to Milgram's except when the shocks reached 150 volts, participants decided whether or not they wanted to continue and then the experiment ended (base condition).
var pfHeaderImgUrl = 'https://www.simplypsychology.org/Simply-Psychology-Logo(2).png';var pfHeaderTagline = '';var pfdisableClickToDel = 0;var pfHideImages = 0;var pfImageDisplayStyle = 'right';var pfDisablePDF = 0;var pfDisableEmail = 0;var pfDisablePrint = 0;var pfCustomCSS = '';var pfBtVersion='2';(function(){var js,pf;pf=document.createElement('script');pf.type='text/javascript';pf.src='//cdn.printfriendly.com/printfriendly.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(pf)})(); This workis licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License. Milgram wanted to know—would people really harm another person if they were ordered to by an authority figure? Published June 8, 2004. [6] The number of prods the participants used in the first experiment were also measured. Psychology definition for Obedience in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students.

[3], The previous two studies greatly influenced how modern psychologists think about obedience. Cross-cultural research in other Western cultures has also yielded high rates of obedience using Milgram's procedure. Surprisingly, Milgram found that 65% of participants were willing to deliver the maximum level of shocks on the orders of the experimenter..

Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments were conducted in research settings. During the early 1970s, social psychologist Philip Zimbardo staged an exploration into the study of prisoners and prison life. "[2] A similar conclusion was reached in the Stanford prison experiment. Humans have been shown to be obedient in the presence of perceived legitimate authority figures, as shown by the Milgram experiment in the 1960s, which was carried out by Stanley Milgram to find out how the Nazis managed to get ordinary people to take part in the mass murders of the Holocaust. Using data from his previous study, Burger probed participant's thoughts about obedience. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. Following the Second World War - and in particular the Holocaust - psychologists set out to investigate the phenomenon of human obedience.

Published May 25, 2004.

Simply Psychology. [18], Many traditional cultures regard obedience as a virtue; historically, societies have expected children to obey their elders (compare patriarchy or matriarchy), slaves their owners, serfs their lords in feudal society, lords their king, and everyone God.
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